[155]M.Bachmann,Die Rede des Joh.Syropulos an den Kaiser Isaak Ⅱ.Angelos(1935),also takes a more favourable view of Isaac Ⅱ。
[156]D.Rasovskij,‘Rol’Polovcev v vojnach Asenij s vizantijskoj i latinskoj imperijami v 1186-1207 g.’(The role of the Cumans in the wars of the Asens with the Bulgarian and Latin Empires),Spisanie na Buulg.Akad.1939,203 ff.,has admirably demonstrated that the participation of the Cumans had a decisive effect in the Byzantine-Bulgarian and later in the Latin-Bulgarian struggle,but that the Cumans took no part in the Bulgarian campaigns in summer for climatic reasons.
[157]Cf.Zlatarski,Istoriia Ⅱ,472 ff.
[158]Dolger,Reg.1581.
[159]Cf.M.Paulov á ,BS 5(1933-4),235 ff.
[160]Dolger,Reg.1591.Cf.C.M.Brand,‘The Byzantines and Saladin,1185-92:Opponents of the Third Crusade’,Speculum 37(1962),170 ff.
[161]Dolger,Reg.1603;K.Zimmert,‘Der Friede zu Adrianopel’,BZ 11(1902),303 ff.;also cf.idem,‘Der deursch-byz.Konflikt vom Juli 1189 bis Februar 1190’,BZ 12(1903),42 ff.
[162]Jirecek,Geschichte Ⅰ,273 f.;M.Bachmann,Die Rede des Johannes Syropulos an Isaak Ⅱ.Angelos(1935),68 ff.
[163]Cf.M.Laskaris,Vizantiske princeze u srednjevekovnoj Srbiji(Byzantine princesses in medieval Serbia),1926,7 ff.
[164]Cf.my study,‘Die byz.Staatenhierarchie’,Sem.Kond.8(1936),41 ff.
[165]Cf.V.Laurent,‘La Serbie entre Byzance et la Hongrie à la veille de la quatrième croisade’,Revue du Sud-Est europ.18(1941),109 ff.;N.Radojcic,‘Promena u srpskomadjarskim odnosima krajem Ⅻ veka’(The change in Serbo-Magyar relations at the end of the twelfth century),Glas Srpske akad.nauka 213(1954),1 ff.
[166]Nic.Choniates 605.
[167]In the life of Stephen Nemanja by St.Sava,the date given is 25 March of the year 6703(1195),though most probably the year does not come from St.Sava himself but was added later.J.Pavlovic,‘Hronoloske beleske sv.Save o Stevanu Nemanji(Chronological information given by St.Sava about Stephen Nemanja),Glas.srp.uc.drustva 47(1879),284 ff.,long ago put forward the view that Nemanja’s abdication took place in 1196,a date which was accepted by almost all experts on Serbian history.On the other hand,Ⅴ.Corovic‘Pitaje o hronologiji u delima sv.Save’(Problems of chronology in the work of St.Sava),Godisnjica N.cupica(49)(1940),65 ff.and more recently R.NovakoviC,‘Jadan pokusaj tuma cenja Savinih hronoloskih podataka u Zitiju sv.Simeuna’(An attempt at an interpretation of Sava’s chronology in his Life of St.Symeon),Ist.glasnik 3/4(1955),96 ff.,agree in favour of the year 1195.But if the abdication of Nemania is connected with the Byzantine coup d’état on 8 April 1195,as Corovicalso seems to think,the acceptance of this date raises certain difficulties.The relatively long interval between the Byzantine coup d’état on 8 April 1195 and Nemanja’s abdication on 25 March 1196 need cause no concern.As R.Novakovic,‘Kada se rodio i kada je po ceo da vlada Stevan Nemanja?’(When was Stephen Nemanja born and when did his reign begin?),Ist.glasnik 3/4(1958),181,rightly points out,Nemanja’s decision was certainly taken well before his official abdication.
[168]On what follows cf.Zlatarski,Istorija Ⅲ,82 ff.;Mutafciev,Istorija Ⅱ,45 ff.
[169]Cf.Norden,Papsttum und Byzanz 122 ff.On the other hand,W.Leonhardt,Der Kreuzzugsplan Kaiser Heinrichs Ⅵ。(1923),maintains that Henry never contemplated a conquest of the Byzantine Empire.But cf.the excellent refutation of Dolger,Reg.1619.
[170]Nic.Choniates 631,4.Originally Henry Ⅵ had demanded 50 hundredweights(ibid.630,16)。
[171]Nic.Choniates 631 f.
[172]Cf.the answer of Innocent Ⅲ of August 1198(Ep.Ⅰ,353,Migne,PL 214,327 BC);Norden,Papsttum und Byzanz 134.
[173]Tafel and Thomas Ⅰ,189 ff.;Dolger,Reg.1576(cf.also 1577,1578,1589,1590);Tafel and Thomas Ⅰ,248 ff.;Dolger,Reg.1647.
[174]A survey of these views is given in A.Frolow,Recherches sur la déviation de la Ⅳe Croisade vers Constantinople,Paris 1955.
[175]Tafel and Thomas Ⅰ,464-88.
[176]Villehardouin,La conquête de Constantinople,ed.E.Faral,t.Ⅱ(1939),52:‘Et bien tesmoigne Joffrois de Vilehardoin li mareschaus de Champaigne a son escient par verté,que,puis que li siecles fu estorez,ne fu tant gaainiéen une ville’。
[177]Nic.Choniates 761-2.The Metropolitan of Ephesus,Nicholas Mesarites,was another eyewitness who describes the excesses of the crusaders in Constantinople in the funeral oration on his brother John,ed.Heisenberg,‘Neue Quellen’Ⅰ,41 ff.
第7章 拉丁统治和拜占廷帝国的重建(1204~1282年)
史料
尼西塔斯·侯尼亚迪斯描述了拉丁人统治的最初几年直到1206年的历史。[1]真正涉及尼西亚的拜占廷帝国的历史学家是乔治·阿克罗保利特斯(George Acropolites,1217~1282年在世),他既是卓越的政治家,也是杰出的学者。最初,他是个老派学究的追随者,后来成为皇帝继承人塞奥多利二世·拉斯卡利斯(Theodore II Lascaris)的教师,1246年担任官阶仅次于首相的“首席大臣”()。他作为皇帝的特使和拜占廷代表团团长出席了里昂宗教大会。这位见识极为广博的十字军的同时代人写了《编年纪》(),他在这本书中,对自君士坦丁堡被拉丁人占领到拜占廷人重新夺取这个城市,即1204年到1261年的历史事件做了极为清晰的描述。[2]阿克罗保利特斯的其他作品如在约翰三世·瓦塔基斯(John III Vatatzes)葬礼上的演讲具有特别重要的史料价值。[3]西兹库斯的塞奥多利·斯库塔留特斯(Theodore Scutariotes of Cyzicus)的编年史是1282年以后完成的汇编,涉及创世以来直到1261年收复君士坦丁堡时的历史。该书对科穆宁王朝以前的历史处理得极为简略,而且其主体部分是由从尼西塔斯·侯尼亚迪斯和乔治·阿克罗保利特斯作品摘引的内容构成的,但是,其中从阿克罗保利特斯作品摘引的部分又附加了很多新内容,这使该书具有了重要的史料价值。[4]阿克罗保利特斯的作品后来由乔治·帕奇美雷斯(George Pachymeres.,1242~约1310年在世)续写,其作品具有极高的历史价值,因此,他被科隆巴赫尔(Krumbacher,德国著名学者——译者)称为13世纪拜占廷帝国最伟大的学者。该书涉及1255年到1308年的历史,对米哈伊尔八世·帕列奥列格(Michael VIII Palaeolo-gus)的严酷统治做了极为详尽的描述,是由同时代人提供的惟一的历史叙述。帕奇美雷斯的写作具有鲜明特色,他特别强调希腊东正教教会的观点,对两大教会联合的主张持不妥协的批判态度,带有帕列奥列格时代晚期拜占廷历史学家特有的喜好讨论神学的倾向。百科全书式学者尼基弗鲁斯·格里高拉斯(Nicephorus Gregoras,1295~1359年)撰写了1204年到1359年之间的历史,关于这部书我们将在下一章详细讨论。它简略地描述了尼西亚帝国时期和重新入主君士坦丁堡后几十年的历史。尽管它不是当代人的作品,而且也只是为了对这段历史做简单的介绍,但它还是包含了相当有价值的材料,对阿克罗保利特斯和帕奇美雷斯的作品做了重要补充。如果我们在此罗列关于拉丁帝国时期历史的西方史料,那未免离题太远了,[5]但是,我们必须提到《莫利亚编年史》。目前,该书有两个希腊文版本,另外,还有法文、意大利文和阿拉冈文版本,是法兰克人统治时期伯罗奔尼撒半岛状况的信息宝库。[6]
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