[66]‘Qui veut l’Orient doitêtre,sinon chrétien,du moins prochrétien’,as H.Grégoire admirably expresses it,B 13(1938),588.On the period before the victory of Christianity see H.Grégoire,‘Les persécutions dans l’Empire romain’,Mémoires de l’Acad.de Belgique,Classe de Lettres 46,1(1951)。
[67]See A.Alfoldi,A Festival of Isis in Rome under the Christian Emperors of the Ⅳth Century,Dissertationes Pannonicae,Ser.Ⅱ,Fasc.7(1937),a short study packed with information on this question.He uses a rare series of Egyptian coins with the representation of Isis or Serapis belonging to the reigns of all the Emperors from Constantine to Gratian.The Series only breaks off with Gratian who was the last to bear the title of Pontifex Maximus(Alfoldi,p.36,argues convincingly that he discarded this at the beginning of 379)。
[68]Cf.especially J.Bidez,La vie de l’empereur Julien,Paris 1930.
[69]A.Nagl,‘Valentinianus’,PW,Reihe 2,7 A(1943),2158 ff.;‘Valens’,ib.2097 ff.;A.Alfoldi,‘Valentinien Ier,le dernier des grands Pannoniens’,Revue d’hist.comparée 4(1946),7 ff.;idem,A Conflict of Ideas in the Late Roman Empire.The Clash between the Senate and Valentinian Ⅰ,Oxford 1952.
[70]On the foederati in general see Mommsen,‘Das romische Militarwesen seit Diokletian’,Gesamm.Schriften Ⅵ(1910),225 ff.;Grosse,Rom.Militargeschichte,280 ff.
[71]H.Delbrück,Gesch.der Kriegskunst Ⅱ(1902),219;Grosse,Rom.Militargeschichte,260 ff.
[72]Stein,Geschichte Ⅰ,301 ff.;M.Gelzer,Studien zur byzantinischen Verwaltung Agyptens(1909),63 ff.;P.Vinogradoff,‘Social and Economic Conditions of the Roman Empire in the Fourth Century’,CMH Ⅰ(1911),542 ff.
[73]Stein,Geschichte Ⅰ,353;E.Demougeot,De l’unité à la division de l’Empire Romain,395-410,Paris 1951,143 ff.;idem,‘Les partages de l’Illyricum à la fin du IVe siècle’,Revue hist.198(1947),16 ff.,and‘A proepos des partages de l’Illyricum en 386-95’,Actes du Ⅵe Congrès Intern.d’Etudes byz.I(1950),87 ff.;J.-R.Palanque,‘La préfecture du prétoire d’Illyricum au IVe siècle’,B 21(1951),5 ff.;V.Grumel,‘L’Illyricum de la mort de Valentinien Ier à la mort de Stilicon’,REB 9(1951),5 ff.
[74]A detailed description of this period is given by E.Demougeot,De l’unité à la Division de l’Empire Romain,Pairs 1951,93 ff.See also idem,‘Note sur la politique orientale de Stilicon’,B 20(1950),27 ff.
[75]Synesius’writings are typical of the hostile attitude towards the Germanic element(Migne,PG 66,1089 ff.)。
[76]Grosse,Rom.Militargeschichte,262 ff.
[77]Cod.Th.XⅥ 9,3 and Ⅵ21,1.On this see Fuchs,Hohere Schulen,1 ff.;L.Bréhier,‘Notes sur l’histoire de l’enseignement supérieur à Constantinople’,B 3(1926),82 ff.
[78]In addition to the manuals of Roman law see especially Seeck,Regesten der Kaiser und Papste für die Jahre 311-476(1919);Stein,Geschichte Ⅰ,431 ff.;Bury,Later Rom.Emp.Ⅰ2,232 ff.
[79]On the question of language in general see H.Zilliacus,Zum Kampf der Weltsprachen im ostromischen Reich,Helsingfors 1935,and F.Dolger’s comments on this(BZ 36(1963),108 ff.).For the language of administration and law in the fifth century see Stein,Geschichte Ⅰ,443 f.who gives convincing data for the advance of Greek as also for the tenacity of Latin.On the use of both languages in the papyri of the early Byzantine period see U.Wilcken,Atti del Ⅳ.Congresso intern.di papirologia(1936),101 ff.,also W.Otto,‘Zum heutigen Stand der Papyrusforschung’,HZ 157(1937),312,note 1.Cf.also G.Bardy,La question des langues dans l’église ancienne Ⅰ,Paris 1948.
[80]Cf.Stein,Geschichte Ⅰ,425;A.Ter-Mikelian,Die armenische Kirche in ihren Beziehungen zur byzantinischen(1892),33 ff.
[81]Cf.Moravcsik,Byzantinoturcica Ⅰ,56 ff.(detailed bibliography)。
[82]Cf.the well-known accounts of E.Caspar,Geschichte des Papsttums Ⅰ(1930),423 ff.,and J.Haller,Das Papsttum Ⅰ(1936),142 ff.,although the latter-in contrast to Caspar does not attach as much importance to the personality of Leo I as is usually(and I think rightly)given to it.Cf.especially H.M.Klinkenberg,‘Papsttum und Reichskirche bei Leo dem Gr.’,Zeitschr.d.Savigny-Stiftung,Kan.Abt.38(1952),37 ff.,where the significance of Leo in the development of the claim to primacy is particularly well brought out.
[83]In addition to the ecclesiastical and doctrinal histories see also E.Schwartz,‘Die Konzilien des 4.und 5.Jahrhunderts’,HZ 104(1910),1 ff.,and‘Zur Vorgeschichte des ephesinischen Konzils’,HZ 112(1914),237 ff.Cf.also‘Die sog.Gegenanathematismen des Nestorius’,S.B.d.Bayer.Akad.1922,Abh.1.
[84]On Pulcheria’s role in the preparations for the Council of Chalcedon see the interesting remarks of E.Schwartz,‘Die Kaiserin Pulcheria auf der Synode von Chalkedon’,Festgabe für A.Jülicher(1927),203 ff.
[85]Mansi 7,445.
[86]Cf.G.Vernadsky,‘Flavius Ardabur Aspar’,Südost-Forschungen 6(1941),38 ff.
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