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拜占庭帝国_[南斯拉夫]乔治·奥斯特洛格尔斯基【完结】(67)

  [127]The relationship between the provisions of the Farmer’s Law on this matter(§19)and the allelengyon regulations is also referred to by Lipsic,Viz.Krest’janstvo 104,while Kazdan,Gorod i derevnja,169 ff.,and‘K voprosu ob osobennostjach feodal’noj sobstvennosti v Vizantii Ⅷ-Ⅹ vv.’(On the question of the characteristics of feudal holdings in Byzantium from the eighth to the tenth centuries),ⅤⅤ10(156),63 ff.,denies it.

  [128]Vita Johannis Ⅴ,c.2 and Vita Cononisc.3.Cf.Hartmann,Byz.Verwaltung 90,171,and Stein,‘Vom Altertum’150,152.

  [129]Ostrogorsky,‘Das Steuersystem im byzantinischen Altertum und Mittelalter’,B 6.(1931),229 ff.,where theproblem is also dealt with.Cf.N.A,Constantinescu,‘Réforme sociale ou réforme fiscale?’Bulletin de l’Acad.Roumaine.Section Hist.11(1924),94 ff.,but he incorrectly expounds the nature of the tax reform in question by assuming a capitation tax levied only upon the non-property-owning population.He also goes too far in the assumption that the tax reform not only developed,but even created,the peasants’freedom of movement,and by reviving the old theme of Zacharia,Paparrhegopulos,Vasiljevskij and Uspenskij he assumes that serfdom entirely disappeared from the seventh to the eleventh centuries,without realizing that during this perioswho are serfs are frequently met with.An attempt has re-cently been made to deny the fundamental difference betweenby J.Karayannopulos,‘Die kollektiveStaatsverantwortung in der frühbyzantinischen Zeit’,Vierteljahrschr.f.Sozial u.Wirtschaftsgesch.43(1956),289 ff.But cf.Lemerle,‘Histoire Agraire’,219,37 ff.

  [130]Migne,PG 132,1117 ff.

  [131]Cf.Vasiljevskij,‘Materialy’,Trudy Ⅳ,319 ff.There is also a detailed study by M.Levcenko,‘Cerkovnye imuscestva Ⅴ-Ⅶ vv.v Vostocno-Rimskoj imperii’(Ecclesiastical property from the fifth to the seventh centuries in the East Roman Empire),ⅤⅤ27(1949),11 ff.

  [132]Wroth,Byz.Coins Ⅱ,333 ff.and pl.ⅩⅩⅩⅧ ff.;Grabar,Empereur 164,and Iconoclasme,36 ff.

  [133]The effectiveness of such prohibitions should not be overestimated.For instance,the festival of the Brumalia is met later on,and even held at the imperial court;cf.Philotheus(ed.Bury),175.

  [134]For instance,he completed the imperial palace and built two enormous and splendid halls which connected the throne room,the Chrysotriclinium,with the palace of Daphne and the Hippodrome;one was called Justinian’s lausiacus and the other his triclinium.Cf.D.Beljaev,Byzantina Ⅰ(1891),45 ff.;J.Ebersolt,Le Grand Palais de Constantinople(1910),77 ff.and 93 ff.;J.B.Bury,‘The Great Palace’,BZ 21(1912),219 ff.

  [135]Georg.Mon.Ⅱ,731,17(ed.de Boor):.M.Levcenko,‘Venety i prasiny v Vizantii v Ⅴ-Ⅶ vv.’(Greens and Blues in Byzantium from the fifth to the seventh centuries),ⅤⅤ26(1947),182,has pointed to this important passage,and has also made excellent use of the oriental sources on Justinian’s struggle with the aristocracy.The passage cited from George the Monk shows that,like Heraclius himself,Justinian Ⅱ supported the Greens and was an opponent of the Blues.It also shows,as Levcenko rightly emphasizes,the error of maintaining that the political activity of the demes ceased in the time of Heraclius,a view which until recently was generally accepted.This must now be rejected,particularly as the valuable evidence which Maricq(‘Partis populaires’63 ff.)has collected from the sources makes it plain that the political significance of the demes persisted until the beginning of the ninth century.

  [136]Cf.A.Maricq,‘Partis populaires’66 ff.,on the basis of the anonymous Brussels Chronicle ed.by F.Cumont,Chroniques byzantines du manuscrit 11376(Anecdota Bruxellensia Ⅰ),p.30:’。

  [137]Cf.Dujcev,Proucvanija vurchu bulgarskoto srednovekovie(Studies in the Bulgarian Middle Ages),Sofia 1945,5 ff.

  [138]Nicephorus 42,23.The information in Theophanes 376,that Justinian Ⅱ broke the peace soon after and attacked the empire of the Bulgars is not reliable,especially as it is established that Tervel’s troops helped Justinian in 711,as they had done in 705.

  [139]Cf.A.Vasiliev,The Goths in the Crimea(1936),83 ff.

  [140]On the second reign of Justinian Ⅱ and his downfall cf.Ch.Diehl,Choses et gens de Byzance(1926),190 ff.

  [1] 以下1个段落为本书1969年英文版的新增内容。

  第3章 毁坏圣像危机时代(711~843年)

  史料

  有关这个时期最初的历史,前一章已经提到的大教长尼基弗鲁斯的编年史(写到769年)和塞奥发尼斯的编年史(写到813年)是最基本的史料。这两部编年史从崇拜圣像派的观点叙述了毁坏圣像的争论,特别值得注意的是塞奥发尼斯的倾向。[1]同样的崇拜圣像观念还反映在其他一些更丰富的历史作品中,它们涉及毁坏圣像之争的第二阶段。修道士乔治(George the Monk)在米哈伊尔三世(Michael III,842/~867年在位)统治时期撰写了一部世界编年史,其内容的下限直到842年,是一部典型的修道士作品;[2]该书仅涉及813~842年历史的最后部分有不可或缺的价值,关于更早历史的部分是抄自塞奥发尼斯的编年史。西蒙(Symeon Logothetes)的极为重要的编年史中最有价值的部分也是从塞奥发尼斯的编年史终止的地方开始的。该书是10世纪的作品,这个世纪有多种编年史一直保存到今天。如塞奥多西(Theodosius Melitenus)的编年史,[3]修道士乔治编年史的续编和利奥(Leo Grammaticus)的编年史,此外,还有许多尚未整理出来的手写本中保存的编年史,[4]以及在古斯拉夫语翻译本中保存的编年史。[5]有关毁坏圣像斗争第二阶段的史料还有写作于君士坦丁七世时期(Constantine VII,945~959年在位)的约瑟夫(Joseph Gene-sius)的头3部著作,这头3部著作似乎也是在君士坦丁的鼓励下编纂的,定名为塞奥发尼斯编年史的续编(,《塞奥发尼斯的续编》)。[6]关于尼基弗鲁斯一世(Nicephorus I)的保加利亚战争和811年7月26日那场重大战役,目前尚存的史料发现于一个叙事详细的匿名作品《迪基西斯》(Dujcev,),它依据当时人在这场战役后即时写下的记载。[7]显然,塞奥发尼斯的编年史使用了其中的材料,但做了广泛的缩写,但缩写并不是非常成功。关于利奥五世(LeoV,813~820年在位)的统治有一本详细的作品,也出自匿名作家的手笔,[8]格里高利(Grεgoire)[9]相当肯定地认为,该书和关于811年保加利亚战争的《迪基西斯》是同一个作家的作品,是一部目前已经遗失的作品的残卷,[10]它或者就是一部编年史,或者正如格里高利所说,事实上是马拉拉斯(Malalas)编年史的续编,或者是当代纪事,这里不能详细谈论。这里必须提到《蒙南瓦西亚编年史》这部大约10世纪下半叶成书的作品,因为其中涉及了自6世纪末到9世纪初期间斯拉夫人对伯罗奔尼撒半岛占领的信息。[11]


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