到1917年底为止,奥斯曼军仍未尝言败,然而他们对这场大战已不抱希望,剩下的只是苦苦支撑。
* * *
[1] 关于德国飞机的发展,参见 Desmond Seward, Wings over the Desert: In Action with an RFC Pilot in Palestine, 1916–1918 (Sparkford, UK: Haynes Publishing, 2009), 29–32. 关于澳大利亚炮兵连,可比对杰马勒帕夏的Memories of a Turkish Statesman, 1913–1919 (London: Hutchinson, n.d.), 169.
[2] 穆雷于1916年2月15日提议的全文,见George Mc-Munn and Cyril Fallsreproduced in Military Operations: Egypt and Palestine from the Outbreak of War with Germany to June 1917 (London: HMSO, 1928), 170–174.
[3] Djemal Pasha, Memories of a Turkish Statesman,170;关于卡蒂亚事件,参见 McMunn and Falls, Military Operations,162–170;Anthony Bruce, The Last Crusade: The Palestine Campaign in the First World War (London: John Murray, 2002), 37–40.
[4] 关于帝国骆驼兵团,参见Frank Reid, The Fighting Cameliers (1934; rpt. Milton Keynes, UK: Leonaur, 2005);Geoffrey Inchbald, With the Imperial Camel Corps in the Great War (Milton Keynes, UK: Leonaur, 2005)。
[5] McMunn and Falls, Military Operations, 199.
[6] 战争委员会的任命,1916年7月6日,reproduced in McMunn and Falls, Military Operations, 230–232.
[7] Inchbald, With the Imperial Camel Corps, 113.
[8] Reid, The Fighting Cameliers, 50–52; McMunn and Falls, Military Operations, 257.
[9] 英国报告称,拉法赫一役中俘获1635 名奥斯曼军官兵,并估计奥斯曼军约有200人战死。英军死亡71人,受伤415人。McMunn and Falls, Military Operations, 270.
[10] Edward J. Erickson, Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001), 161.
[11] 帝国总参谋长给总指挥的电报, 印度, 1916年4月30日, reproduced in F. J. Moberly, The Campaign in Mesopotamia, 1914–1918 (London: HMSO, 1923–1927), 3:3–4.
[12] Erickson, Ordered to Die, 164–166.
[13] Charles Townshend, When God Made Hell: The British Invasion of Mesopotamia and the Creation of Iraq, 1914–1921 (London: Faber and Faber, 2010), 344–345.
[14] Arnold T. Wilson, Loyalties Mesopotamia, 1914–1917 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1930), 222.
[15] Lieutenant Colonel J. E. Tenant, cited in Wilson, Loyalties Mesopotamia, 223.
[16] Moberly, The Campaign in Mesopotamia, 3:193–195;Wilson, Loyalties Mesopotamia,222–223;Townshend, When God Made Hell, 355–357.
[17] 莫德,罗伯森和蒙罗之间的信件交换,见Moberly, The Campaign in Mesopotamia,3:204–211.
[18] Wilson, Loyalties Mesopotamia, 216.
[19] Talib Mushtaq, Awraq ayyami, 1900–1958 (Beirut: Dar al-Tali`a, 1968), 17–18.
[20] NARA, Baghdad vol. 28, transcription from Consul Heizer’s Miscellaneous Record Book, 10–13 March 1917.
[21] 关于莫德宣言及其缺点的详尽讨论,参见Wilson, Loyalties Mesopotamia, 237–241.
[22] 宣言全文见Moberly, The Campaign in Mesopotamia, 3:404–405, appendix 38.
[23] Mushtaq, Awraq ayyami, 19.
[24] Hew Strachan, The First World War (London: Pocket Books, 2003), 215–223. 美国从未对奥斯曼帝国宣战,但对德国宣战后便从帝国境内撤走了所有领事馆官员。
[25] 英国报告称,第一次加沙之战英军伤亡人数不到4000 人,其中523 人死亡,另有2932人受伤,但Liman von Sanders宣称土耳其人掩埋了约1500具英军尸体。 奥斯曼军死伤不到2500人,其中301人死亡,1085人受伤。参见McMunn and Falls, Military Operations,315, 322;Otto Liman von Sanders, Five Years in Turkey (Annapolis: US naval Institute, 1927), 165.
[26] Falih Rıfkı Atay, Le mont des Oliviers [橄榄山] (Paris: Turquoise, 2009), 205–206.
[27] A. Briscoe Moore, The Mounted Riflemen in Sinai and Palestine (Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs, n.d. [1920]), 67.
[28] Djemal Pasha, Memories of a Turkish Statesman, 179.
[29] Reid, The Fighting Cameliers, 98;作者还提到自己在第二次加沙之战前,分到了一个毒气面罩 (97页)。英国官方历史提到,巴勒斯坦战线首次使用毒气便是在第二次加沙之战;McMunn and Falls, Military Operations, 328.
[30] Reid, The Fighting Cameliers, 102–110.
[31] Rıfkı Atay, Le mont des Oliviers, 213–214;McMunn and Falls, Military Operations, 348, 350.
[32] James Barr, Setting the Desert on Fire: T. E. Lawrence and Britain’s Secret War in Arabia, 1916–1918 (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008), 90–106.
[33] 劳伦斯对汉志铁路第一次进攻是在3月29至30日 ,地点为Abu al-Naam火车站。 T. E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph (New York: Doubleday Doran and Co., 1936), 197–203.
[34] Jafar al-Askari, A Soldier’s Story: From Ottoman Rule to Independent Iraq (London: Arabian Publishing, 2003), 112–114. 贾法尔·阿斯科里在埃及西部大沙漠被捕一事,见第十章。
[35] Ali Allawi, Faisal I of Iraq (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014), 94–95.
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