[4] F. J. Moberly, The Campaign in Mesopotamia, 1914–1918 (London: HMSO, 1924), 2:194.
[5] George Younghusband, Forty Years a Soldier (London: Herbert Jenkins, 1923), 284–285.
[6] IWM, private papers of the Reverend H. Spooner, Documents 7308, entry for 9 January 1916.
[7] 对汉纳的第一次进攻发生在1916年1月20—21日。英军损失 2741人,奥斯曼军预计损失约2000人。Moberly, The Campaign in Mesopotamia, 2:275–276; Younghusband, Forty Years a Soldier, 290–291.
[8] 对镇民房屋的搜查始于1月24日。Charles Townshend, When God Made Hell: The British Invasion of Mesopotamia and the Creation of Iraq, 1914– 1921 London: Faber and Faber, 2010), 215.
[9] Moberly, The Campaign in Mesopotamia, 2:200. 斯普纳神父于1916年3月30日提到,第24旁遮普团(Punjabis)的一个连因“叛变被缴械”,且“许多穆斯林士兵投靠了敌军”。IWM, papers of W. D. Lee of the Royal Garrison Artillery, Documents 1297.
[10] 贾法尔关于赛努西战役的讲述,参见 Jafar al-Askari, A Soldier’s Story: From Ottoman Rule to Independent Iraq (London: Arabian Publishing, 2003), 85–93.
[11] 1月23日,英军在比尔突尼斯死伤312 人,估计阿拉伯士兵死亡200人,受伤500人;George McMunn 和 Cyril Falls 在书中将这次事件称为“Affair of Halazin” ,书名为Military Operations: Egypt and Palestine from the Outbreak of War with Germany to June 1917 (London: HMSO, 1928), 122.
[12] McMunn and Falls, Military Operations, 134.
[13] 斯普纳神父记录了1916年1月26日的足球赛和2月1日的绷带铁锹轶事。
[14] IWM, private papers of Major Alex Anderson, Documents 9724, 57–59;在描述第一次空袭时,Anderson提到飞行员“已经知道是德国佬”;关于对医院空袭的描述,参见 74–75.另见斯普纳神父3月18日的日记,在提到了伤亡人数后,他只写道“惨不忍睹”。
[15] 关于俄军占领埃尔祖鲁姆,参见 W. E. D. Allen and Paul Muratoff, Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828–1921 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953), 320–372;Michael Reynolds, Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires, 1908–1918 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 134–139;Sean McMeekin, The Russian Origins of the First World War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011), 191–193;Edward J. Erickson, Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001), 120–137.
[16] Allen and Muratoff, in Caucasian Battlefields,342,声称奥斯曼军在科普鲁克伊有“将近1.5万人”死伤或冻死,另有5000人被俘,“逃兵数量与被俘人数大致相等”,损失兵力共达2.5万人。俄军损失同样严重: 1万人死伤 ,2 000 人因冻伤入院。
[17] Younghusband, Forty Years a Soldier, 297.
[18] 阿里·伊赫桑贝伊后来改用土耳其名Dujaila,Sabis Hill是他的姓。 Ali Ihsan Sâbis, Birinci Dünya Harbi [第一次世界大战] (Istanbul: Nehir Yayınları, 2002), 3:121–127.
[19] Abidin Ege, Harp Günlükleri [战争日记] (Istanbul: Türkiye Iş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2011), 275–278.
[20] 英军伤亡人数为3474人,奥斯曼军为1285 人。Moberly, The Campaign in Mesopotamia, 2:525.
[21] Russell Braddon, The Siege (New York: Viking, 1969), 207–208.
[22] 关于劳伦斯在美索不达米亚的使命,参见Jeremy Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorized Biography of T. E. Lawrence (London: Heinemann, 1989), 253–278; Townshend, When God Made Hell, 250–253.
[23] 苏莱曼和塔利布战前事迹,参见第四章。
[24] 在苏莱曼·费迪的回忆录里,详细描述了他与劳伦斯会面的情形和二人的对话,见Mudhakkirat Sulayman Faydi (London: Saqi Books, 1998), 221–242.
[25] Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia, 268.
[26] Ege, Harp Günlükleri, 294.
[27] 引自Townshend, When God Made Hell, 250–253.
[28] Scott Anderson, Lawrence in Arabia (London: Atlantic Books, 2014), 176–178. 奥伯里·赫伯特他们与哈利勒谈判的内容,来自Aubrey Herber, Mons, Anzac and Kut (London: Hutchinson, n.d. [1930]), 248–256.
[29] Ege, Harp Günlükleri, 307; Moberly, The Campaign in Mesopotamia, 2:459. 在库特陷落之前,英国史上规模最大的一次失利,是Cornwallis将军率领超过7500名士兵在约克镇的投降(1781年)。汤申德在库特的记录后在1942年被打破,当时新加坡投降,8万来自英国、印度和澳大利亚的士兵被日军俘获。
[30] IWM, private papers of Major T. R. Wells, Documents 7667, diary entry of 29 April 1916.
[31] Civilian casualty figures from Moberly, The Campaign in Mesopotamia, 2:459.Reverend Spooner’s account is from IWM,“Report Based on the Diary of the Rev. Harold Spooner, April 29th, 1916 to Nov. 1918,” Documents 7308. See also IWM, Diary of Captain Reynolds Lamont Lecky, Documents 21099, diary entry of 2 May 1916.
[32] IWM, private papers of Lieutenant Colonel L. S. Bell Syer, Documents 7469, diary entry of 6 May 1916.
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