奥斯曼帝国正式宣战之时,未来将在中东战场一决胜负的各路人马早已响应号召,分头奔赴奥斯曼帝国防守薄弱的前线阵地。北非士兵已在西线战役折损数千人,另有一部分被德军俘获后投靠了奥斯曼帝国。澳新军团骑兵与步兵团正穿越印度洋驶向埃及;一部分印度士兵经波斯湾进入美索不达米亚,而其他人则取道奥斯曼也门行省前往埃及。奥斯曼士兵在安纳托利亚东部与叙利亚地区集结,防止驻高加索地区的俄军以及驻埃及英军的进犯。欧洲的这场战事已经波及中东。
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[1] Hew Strachan, The First World War (London: Pocket Books, 2006), 97.
[2] NARA, Istanbul vol. 280,“Annual Report on the commerce and Industries of Turkey for the Calendar Year 1913,” 1914年5月29日;另见其中来自叙利亚的黎波里,士麦那,耶路撒冷和特拉布宗的报告, 这些报告都描述了移民男子的参军年龄。 Istanbul vol. 292,“Report on commerce and Industries for Calendar Year 1914,” Jerusalem, 15 March 1915.
[3] NARA, Istanbul vol. 282,report from Jerusalem dated 29 April 1914。其中包含了1914年4月25日由雅法征兵当局首长寄给巴勒斯坦mukhtars,即村落领导人的一份指示文件的翻译稿;Yigit Akin,“The Ottoman Home Front during World War I: Everyday Politics, Society, and Culture” (PhD diss., Ohio State University, 2011), 22页;动员海报可参见Mehmet Besikçi,“Between Voluntarism and Resistance: The Ottoman Mobilization of Manpower in the First World War” (PhD diss., Bogaziçi University, 2009), 407–409.
[4] Ahmad Rida, Hawadith Jabal `Amil, 1914–1922 [Jabal Amil大事记] (Beirut: dar Annahar, 2009),35.
[5] NARA, Istanbul vol. 282,美国驻阿勒颇领事于1914年8月3日的报告;vol. 292,美国驻特拉布宗副领事于1915年3月31日的报告。
[6] Irfan Orga, Portrait of a Turkish Family (1950; rpt. London: Eland, 1988),65–66.
[7] “Ey gaziler yol göründü, Yine garib serime, da lar, taşlar dayanamaz, Benim ahu zarima.”Orga, Portrait of a Turkish Family, 67,71.
[8] Edward J. Erickson, Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001), 7; Şevket Pamuk,“The Ottoman Economy in World War I,” in The Economics of World War I, ed. Stephen Broadberry and Mark Harrison(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 117; Beşikçi,“Between Voluntarism and Resistance,” 141.
[9] David Stevenson, 1914–1918: The History of the First World War (London: Penguin, 2005), 198–205.
[10] NARA, Istanbul vol. 292,“Special Report on Turkish Economics,” 8 May 1915.
[11] NARA, Istanbul vol. 282, report from Aleppo, 3 August 1914; Istanbul vol. 292,“Trade and commerce at Beirut for the Year 1914, and January 1915,” 15 April 1915;“Annual Report on commerce and Industries for 1914,” Harput, 1 January 1915; Istanbul vol. 295,“Trade Depression in Turkey Caused by European War,” Smyrna (Izmir), 26 February 1915.
[12] Pamuk, “The Ottoman Economy in World War I,” 117.
[13] Beşikçi,“Between Voluntarism and Resistance,” 73–76;NARA, Istanbul vol. 292,“Special Report on Turkish Economics,” Istanbul,1915年5月8日。
[14] NARA, Istanbul vol. 279, letter from Hakki Pasha, governor of Adana to the US consul in Mersin, dated 6 Aghustos 1330;关于劫掠商店和勒索的描述,见vol. 279, letter from US consul in Jerusalem, 19 September 1914; correspondence with the Singer Manufacturing company, September and October 1914; letter from Ottoman governor of Adana to US consul in Mersin, August 1914; report from US consul in Baghdad of 5 October 1914. See also Istanbul vol. 292,“Special Report on Turkish Economics,” 8 May 1915.
[15] Erik Jan Zürcher,“Between death and desertion: The Experience of the Ottoman Soldier in World War I,” Turcica 28 (1996): 235–258;Pamuk,“The Ottoman Economy in World War I,”126;NARA, Istanbul vol. 292,“Special Report on Turkish Economics,” Istanbul,8 May 1915;Istanbul vol. 294,“Increased Cost of living in Constantinople,” 2 December 1915。
[16] Ahmed Emin, Turkey in the World War (new Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1930), 107.
[17] 一位出身贵族的阿尔及利亚上尉,Khaled El Hachemi,曾在法国的军事精英学院Saint-Cyrien深造,他是非常罕见的一个例外。Gilbert Meynier,L’Algérie révélée: La guerre de 1914–1918 et le premier quart du XXe siècle (Geneva: Droz, 1981), 85–87.
[18] 法语里他的全名是Mostapha Ould Kaddour Tabti. Mohammed Soualah,“Nos troupes d’Afrique et l’Allemagne,” Revue africaine 60 (1919): 495–496.
[19] Meynier, L’Algérie révélée, 98–103.
[20] Jean Mélia, L’Algérie et la guerre (1914–1918) (Paris: Plon, 1918), 28–32. 法语歌词为:“la République nous appelle, Sachons vaincre ou sachons périr, Un Français doit vivre pour elle, Pour elle un Français doit mourir.” 最后一句,据Messali回忆,变成了“Pour elle un Arabe doit mourir”。 Messali Hadj, Les mémoires de Messali Hadj, 1898–1938 (Paris: J. C. lattès, 1982), 76.
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