[21] Hadj, Mémoires, 70. 塔布提整首诗有六十五组对句 ,其阿拉伯语和法语版本可见Soualah,“nos troupes d’Afrique et l’Allemagne,” 494–520.
[22] Meynier, L’Algérie révélée, 271–274.
[23] Meynier, L’Algérie révélée, 280–282;Mélia, L’Algérie et la guerre, 257–260, 270–276;Augustin Bernard, L’Afrique du nord pendant la guerre (Paris: les presses universitaires de France, 1926), 94, table II.
[24] Peter Dennis et al., eds., The Oxford companion to Australian Military History (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995), 104–109;Cedric Mentiplay, A Fighting Quality: New Zealanders at War (Wellington: A. H. & A. W. Reed, 1979), 13.
[25] James McMillan,“40,000 Horsemen: A Memoir,” Archives New Zealand, Alexander Turnbull library, MS X-5251;Terry Kinloch, Devils on Horses: In the Words of the Anzacs in the Middle East, 1916–19 (Auckland: Exisle Publishing, 2007), 32–34;Roland Perry, The Australian Light Horse (Sydney: Hachette Australia, 2009), 38–43.
[26] 十二位新西兰远征军老兵接受了Maurice Shadbolt的采访,他们回顾了征募的动机,见Voices of Gallipoli (Auckland: Hodder and Stoughton, 1988)。 特雷沃·霍尔姆登的文件被收藏于Alexander Turnbull图书馆,Wellington, new Zealand, MS-Papers 2223.
[27] Jeffrey Grey, A Military History of Australia, 3rd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 88;Christopher Pugsley, The ANZAC Experience: New Zealand, Australia and Empire in the First World War (Auckland: Reed, 2004), 52–55, 63; Fred Waite, The New Zealanders at Gallipoli (Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs, 1919), 10–19.
[28] 关于印度对英国与奥斯曼帝国的态度,见Algernon Rumbold,Watershed in India, 1914–1922 (London: Athlone Press, 1979), 9–10.
[29] P. G. Elgood, Egypt and the Army (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1924), 1, 42–43.
[30] 摘自Robin Kilson,“Calling Up the Empire: The British Military Use of Non- white Labor in France, 1916–1920” (PhD diss., Harvard University, 1990), 262–263.
[31] Ahmad Shafiq, Hawliyat Masr al-siyasiyya [埃及政治年鉴] (Cairo: Matba`a Shafiq Pasha, 1926), 1:47–48.
[32] Peter Hopkirk, On Secret Service East of Constantinople: The Plot to Bring Down the British Empire (London: John Murray, 2006), 66–84;Sean McMeekin, The Berlin-Baghdad Express: The Ottoman Empire and Germany’s Bid for World Power, 1898–1918 (London: Allen lane, 2010), 90–92.
[33] 摘自Budheswar Pati, India and the First World War (New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers, 1996), 12.
[34] Pati, India and the First World War, 15–16.
[35] Pati, India and the First World War, 18–21.
[36] Judith Brown, Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 195;Robert Holland,“The British Empire and the Great War, 1914–1918,” in The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. 4: The Twentieth Century, ed. Judith Brown与William Roger Louis (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 117;Pati, India and the First World War, 32–38.
[37] 数十份证词,包括两位穆夫提的,载于Revue du monde musulman 29 (December 1914),该书为纪念法国穆斯林和战争的特别版,收有北非宗教人士的相关声明,(阿拉伯语,附有法语翻译)。
[38] James Mcdougall, History and the Culture of Nationalism in Algeria (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 36–43;Peter Heine, “Salih Ash-Sharif at-Tunisi, a north African nationalist in Berlin during the First World War,” Revue de l’Occident musulman et de la Mediterranée 33 (1982): 89–95.
[39] Tilman Lüdke, Jihad Made in Germany: Ottoman and German Propaganda and Intelligence Operations in the First World War (Münster: lit Verlag, 2005), 117–125;Heine, “Salih Ash-Sharif at-Tunisi,” 90.
[40] 奥斯曼当局的审讯手稿保存在安卡拉土耳其军事档案馆,见Ahmet Tetik, Y. Serdar Demirtaş和Sema Demirtaş, Çanakkale Muharebeleri’nin Esirleri—Ifadeler ve Mektuplar [加里波利战役战俘:证词与信件] (Ankara: Genelkurmay Basımevi, 2009), 1:93–94.
[41] 来访的阿拉伯显贵中,有著名的阿尔及利亚起义领导人,Amir Abd al-Qadir 之子Amir Ali Pasha,他既是阿尔及利亚的流放者,也是1911年利比亚战争的老兵。参见Mélia, L’Algérie et la guerre, 230–237;Heine,“Salih Ash-Sharif at-Tunisi,” 91.
[42] Peter Heine在他关于萨利赫·谢里夫的文章中声称,德国档案并未提供证据证明战俘遭胁迫,尽管其中有“报告称,这些愿意为土耳其效力的人”,因“前去土耳其的行程遭延误”还表示了愤怒。Heine,“Salih Ash-Sharif at-Tunisi,” 94n12. 艾哈迈德·本·侯赛因的证词可以证明这一点。
第四章
揭幕战:巴士拉、亚丁、埃及与地中海东部
奥斯曼帝国经过几个世纪的征服与冲突,终于换来今天的疆土,可谓身经百战。然而,帝国却从未像1914年11月参加第一场全球性大战时那样,陷入四面楚歌、腹背受敌的境地。奥斯曼帝国边境线长达7500英里,其海岸线绵延经过黑海、波斯湾、红海以及地中海,因此有众多防御上的薄弱点。
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